As import and export trade heats up, many companies have exported their high-quality products to European and American countries. If a product needs to be exported, it must undergo relevant certification before it can enter the European and American markets. CE certification is one of them. Here I would like to introduce to you the various directives in CE certification and the related products included in the directives for the reference.
The EU regulation implemented by the Machinery Directive is 2006/42/EC Machinery.
The scope of the Machinery Directive includes ordinary machinery and hazardous machinery. Machinery other than hazardous machinery is considered ordinary machinery. Compared with hazardous machinery, ordinary machinery poses lower risks to personnel, and the application process is simpler than that of hazardous machinery.
Generally, industrial machinery involves three instructions: MD+LVD+EMC.
The related products involved are as follows:
1) Various machine tools
Punch, lathe, milling machine, boring machine, drilling machine, grinder, broaching machine…
2）Rubber and plastic machinery
Injection molding machines, blow molding machines, extruders, compression and die-casting mold machines, die cutters, grinders, reactive molding machines…
3) Woodworking machinery
Sawmills, multi-blade circular saws for wood processing, wood planers, wood tenoning machines, wood shaving machines…
4) Packaging machinery
Encapsulating machines, sealing machines, palletizing and unloading machines, container packaging machines, labeling machines, loading and unloading machines…
5) Printing and paper machines
Printing presses, paper machines…
6) Food machinery
Pastry and cake making machines, dough processing equipment, vegetable peeling machines, mixers, centrifuges for processing edible oils and fats, peeling and film removal machines, slicing machines, vegetable cutting machines…
7) Leather machinery
Reciprocating roller machines, rough cleaning polishing and finishing machines, shoe last machines, shoe molding machines…
8）Agricultural and forestry machinery
Walking electric lawn mowers, front loaders, pruning shears, unloaders, irrigation reels, lawn mowers, cultivators, electric hoes, tractors, soil preparation machinery, mud tankers, vine cutters and turners, fertilizer spreaders Machine, harvester…
9) Construction machinery
Machines, block making machines, sliding and turntable machines for the production of concrete and silicate building products…
10) Construction machinery
Bulldozers, excavators, cranes, cranes, tractors, piling machinery, trenchers, pipe laying machines, dump trucks, scrapers, road grinding machines, soil stabilizers, tunneling machinery…
11) Tool machinery
Handheld power tools: various hammers (chisel hammers, riveting hammers, rotating hammers, iron hammers, rams), various saws (chain saws, reciprocating saws, band saws, circular saws), wrenches, grinders, Sanders, spray guns, round knives, planers, nailers, engraving machines, needle beam rust removers, trimmers, drills, planers and thinners, shears and nibbling contour machines, tapping machines……
Mobile power tools: circular saws, bench grinders, single mandrel vertical molding presses, miter saws…
Hand-held non-electric tools: assembly power and transmission tools for fasteners, cutting and crimping power tools, drill bits and tapping machines, non-rotating impact power tools, drilling machines, angle grinders, polishing machines, sanding machines, Compression power tools, nibbling contour machines, shears, small cycle reciprocating saws…
11）Household and similar machinery
Battery-operated electric lawn mowers with travel control, commercial electric kitchen machinery, automatic machines for commercial and industrial land treatment, mains-operated lawn mowers with side push control…
12）Other machinery
Industrial washing machines, textile printing and dyeing machines, hardware machinery, EDM machines, laser processing machines, industrial trucks, lifting platforms, industrial heat treatment equipment and other mechanical equipment.
The European regulation implemented by the Low Voltage Directive is 2014/35/EU.
Electrical products that use voltages between 50V to 1000V AC and 75V to 1500V DC. This definition is the scope of application of the directive, rather than the limitations of the application of the directive (For example, in computers using 230V AC, the hazards posed by DC 12V circuits are also regulated by LVD).
The above paragraph can be understood as meaning that as long as the product uses electricity and the current is within the above range, this directive needs to be executed. Therefore, the products involved will not be displayed too much here, and everyone can make a judgment based on the above conditions.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive(EMC)
The regulation implementing the EMC electromagnetic compatibility directive is 2004/108/EC
All equipment that is prone to produce electromagnetic interference, or whose functions are susceptible to being affected by electromagnetic interference. The International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC defines electromagnetic compatibility as: a system or device that can operate normally in the electromagnetic environment in which it is located without causing interference to other systems and devices.
Products involved:
Alarm systems, home automation controllers, televisions, cable networks for audio signals and their interactive services, circuit breakers for home and similar purposes, communication signal processing systems, construction and building materials machinery – security, doors, windows, building installations and walls Curtains, arc welding equipment, power supply and grounding systems for public transport equipment and their ancillaries (fixed installations), electronic components, electronics for railways, electrical applications, industrial and commercial flammable gas detection and measurement electrical equipment, power measurement and loads Controlled equipment, household and building electronic systems, industrial trucks, low voltage switch and controller assemblies, low voltage switch and controller assemblies with dimensional standards, light sources and related equipment, backbone communication systems, maritime navigation and wireless communication equipment and systems, measurement Relays and protection equipment, passenger, cargo and service elevators, power electronics, power system control and related communications, relays, road traffic signal systems, rotating machinery, small power transformers, reactors, power supply devices and related equipment, household and similar uses for fixed switches in electrical installations.
General Product Safety Directive(GPSD)
General Product Safety Directive implementation regulation is 2001/95/EC.
It applies to all consumer products except food, and especially provides basic provisions for product safety requirements that are not specified in specific regulations (including general directives and specific product directives). However, antique or second-hand products are not included.
Products involved:
Outdoor furniture: tables and chairs for camping, home use and rentals
Gymnastics equipment: parallel bars, horizontal bars, uneven bars, box jumps, vaults and pommel horses, horizontal bars, balance beams, rings, trampolines, ribs, lattice ladders and jungle gyms
Stationary training equipment: strength training equipment, treadmills, rowing exercise machines, steppers, ladders, wall climbers, elliptical machines, training bicycles with fixed wheels or without movable wheels
Furniture: folding beds, home cribs and cradle
Children’s products: baby walkers, portable hammocks and poles, indoor changing tables, baby carriers, drinking water equipment, bicycle chairs, consumer-installed child-proof locking devices for windows and balcony doors, and drawstrings and cords on children’s clothing
roller skates, floating recreational items for water and in water, decorative oil lamps, paragliding equipment including lanyards and emergency parachutes, audio, audio and similar electronic equipment, inner blinds, lighters, diving accessories – depth gauges and combined depth and time measuring equipment
Bikes: Expanded city and hiking, young adult, mountain and racing bikes, bike accessory carriers
Sports equipment, children’s clothing, pacifiers, lighters, bicycles, folding beds, fitness equipment, travel bicycles, mountaineering bicycles, racing bicycles, folding beds, children’s clothing, child care products, – baby pacifiers, strollers, children’s drinking equipment, children’s pacifier hangers Belt and other products.
The GPSD instruction can be simply understood as being applicable to any product. When a product instruction cannot be determined, it is definitely correct to execute the GPSD directive.
MD Annex IV Hazardous Machinery Directive (MD Annex IV)
The regulations implementing the MD Annex IV Hazardous Machinery Directive are 2006/42/EC Machinery.
Machinery outside the scope of the general MD Machinery Directive is hazardous machinery. It can be understood as a mechanical device that can directly cause harm to people.
Products involved:
1) Circular saw machine (single saw blade or multiple saw blades), the following equipment used for processing wood and similar wood or processing meat and meat-like materials:
2) Manually fed woodworking plane planer;
3) Single-sided planer with built-in mechanical feeding device, manual loading and unloading, and wood processing;
4) Band saw machine, the following equipment used to process wood and wood-like materials or meat and meat-like materials:
5) Combined machinery of wood and similar wood material processing machinery listed in Articles 1 to 4 and 7;
6) Manually fed wood tenoning machine with multiple tool holders;
7) Manually fed, vertical wood and similar wood material processing machinery;
8)Handheld woodworking chain saw;
9) Stamping machines that use manual loading and unloading for metal cold processing have a moving stroke of more than 6mm and a speed of more than 30mm/s, including bending machines;
10) Plastic injection or extrusion molding machinery that uses manual loading and unloading;
11) Rubber injection or extrusion molding machinery that uses manual loading and unloading;
12) The following types of underground working machinery:
13) Manual loading trucks equipped with compression devices for collecting household waste;
14) Removable mechanical transmission device and its protective cover;
15) Protective cover for removable mechanical transmission device;
16) Car lift;
17) Lifting equipment for lifting people or goods with a vertical height of more than 3 meters with a risk of falling;
18) Hand-held bullet-driven nailing equipment and other impact equipment;
Medical Device Directive(MDR)
The regulation implementing the Medical Device Directive is 2017/745.
It is applicable to the certification of medical devices sold in EU countries. It is mandatory certification and needs to be certified by an authorized notified body. This includes virtually all medical devices except active implantable and in vitro diagnostic devices.
Active implantability: Active: means the instrument has a power supply. Implantability: refers to the device being inserted into the human body and belonging to the third category of medical devices.
In vitro diagnostic medical devices refer to any medical device intended by the manufacturer to be used for in vitro examination of samples obtained from the human body, including blood and tissue donors, whether used alone or in combination.
Products involved: Just refer to the Class I and Class II catalogs of medical devices.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (ROHS)
The regulation implementing the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive is 2011/65/EU.
In newly put on the market electronic and electrical equipment products, the use of six hazardous substances including lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) is restricted. It covers almost all electronics, electrical appliances, medical, communications, toys, security information and other products. It includes not only complete machine products, but also parts, raw materials and packaging used in the production of complete machines, which is related to the entire production chain.
According to the provisions of the new directive, from the date of the repeal of the old directive, all products under the jurisdiction of the CE mark must simultaneously meet the requirements of low voltage (LVD), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), energy-related products (ErP) and RoHS 2.0 in order to Enter the EU market.
ROHS can only be used in electrical equipment. There are many unscrupulous labs that also perform ROHS certification on products other than electrical equipment. This does not meet the standards.
Products involved:
1) Large household appliances: refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens, air conditioners, etc.
2) Small household appliances: vacuum cleaners, electric irons, hair dryers, ovens, clocks, etc.
3) IT and communication equipment: computers, fax machines, telephones, mobile phones, etc.
4) Civilian devices: radios, televisions, video recorders, musical instruments, etc.
5) Lighting appliances: fluorescent lamps other than household lighting, lighting control devices
6) Power tools: electric drill, lathe, welding, sprayer, etc.
7) Toys/entertainment, sports equipment: electric vehicles, video game consoles, automatic gambling machines, etc.
8) Medical equipment: radiation therapy equipment, electrocardiogram tester, analytical instruments, etc.
9) Monitoring/control devices: smoke detectors, thermostats, factory monitoring control machines, etc.
10) Vending machines
Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
The regulation implementing the Pressure Equipment Directive is 2014/68/EU.
All equipment, containers, pipelines, safety accessories and pressure accessories with a design pressure exceeding 0.5bar must comply with the PED regulations regardless of their pressure or volume.
Products involved:
1) Pressure vessel: Design and manufacture of shells containing pressure fluids, including the first joint when connected to other equipment. A container can be composed of more than one cavity. Such as: storage tanks, heat exchangers, towers, etc.;
2) Pipeline: Pipeline components used to transport fluids, connected to form a pressure system. Piping includes pipe or a system of pipes, fittings, expansion joints, hoses or other pressure-bearing components. A heat exchanger consisting of tubes used to cool or heat air can be considered a duct. Such as: steam pipelines, chemical process pipelines, etc.;
3) Pressure accessories: a shell with operating functions and pressure bearing. Such as: valves, filters, flow meters, etc.;
4) Safety accessories: devices designed to prevent pressure-bearing equipment from exceeding allowable limits. Such devices include:
——Devices that directly limit pressure, such as safety valves, bursting disc devices, bending rods, and controllable safety pressure relief systems;
——Limiting devices, devices used to start corrections or devices to ensure closure or closure and cut-off, such as pressure switches or temperature switches or liquid level switches and safety-related measurement control and regulation devices;
5) Device: The manufacturer assembles several pressure-bearing equipment into an overall functional device. Such as: pressure cookers, fire extinguishers, air conditioning units, power station boiler systems, air compressor units, air separation units, low-temperature storage tanks and vaporization units, complete sets of chemical and petrochemical equipment, etc.
Transportable Pressure Equipment Directive(TPED)
The regulation implemented by Transportable Pressure Equipment Directive is 2010/35/EU.
Applicable to all types of mobile pressure-bearing equipment, including steel gas cylinders, LPG gas bottles, road and railway tank cars, mobile pressure-bearing equipment valves, safety valves, etc.
Products involved:
Personal Protection Directive(PPE)
The regulation implementing the Personal Protection Directive is 2016/425/EU.
Any device or appliance worn or held by a person for protection against one or more hazards to health and safety. Mainly used to protect employees from serious work-related injuries or illnesses caused by exposure to chemical radiation, electrical equipment, human equipment, mechanical equipment or in some hazardous workplaces. In addition to face masks, safety glass, and safety shoes, personal protective equipment includes a large number of respiratory protective equipment, protective clothing, including hard hats, goggles, hearing protectors (earplugs), safety gloves, safety shoes, respirators and safety belts.
Products involved:
1) Head protective equipment
2) Respiratory protective equipment
3) Eye and face protective equipment
4) Hearing organ protective equipment
5) Hand protective equipment
6) Foot protection equipment
7) Torso protective equipment
8) Skin care products
9) Anti-fall supplies
Radio Equipment Directive(RED)
The regulation implementing the Radio Equipment Directive is 2014/53/EU.
The new RED directive covers almost all radio products.
Products involved:
1) Short-distance wireless remote control products (SRD) such as: remote control toy cars, remote control alarm systems, remote control doorbells, remote control switches, remote control mice, keyboards, etc.;
2) Professional radio remote control products (PMR) such as: professional wireless walkie-talkies, wireless microphones, etc.;
3) Wireless phones CTO, CT1, CT1+…;
4) ISDN (digital telephone products);
5) DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone);
6) Mobile phone GSM and CDMA test;
7) Bluetooth products such as: Bluetooth headsets;
8) Inductive data transmission equipment with working frequency <9kHz;
9) Wireless broadcast receiver equipment.
The regulation implemented by the Toy Directive is 2009/48/EC.
Applicable to any product or material designed or intended for children under 14 years of age to play. If charged, the power supply cannot exceed 24V. However, Christmas ornaments, sports equipment, simulated weapons, children’s fashion jewelry, etc. stipulated in this directive are not included 21 products.
The EU’s “most stringent in history” new directive has put forward more stringent requirements for the performance of toy production materials. The restrictions on specific heavy metals have been increased from 8 to 19, and 66 types of allergenic fragrances have been banned or restricted for the first time. and are highly concerned about the 15 phthalates widely used in the production of toys.
Products involved:
Plush toys, electric toys, plastic toys, metal toys, stroller toys
1) Toys that may be put into the mouth of children under 3 years old and chewed
2）Toys or easily accessible toy parts that children under three years of age use to play with their hands and weigh less than or equal to 150 grams.
3）Toys designed for children under three years old and easily accessible toy parts
4）Oral contact parts of oral toys
5）Toys worn on the mouth or nose
6）Toys that children can enter
7）Used as toys or components of composition devices used in toys
8）Toys for indoor use and easily accessible toy parts
9) Toys for outdoor use and easily accessible toy parts
10) Toys or toy parts designed to imitate food
11) Trace amounts of solid toy materials may be left behind
12) Colored liquids that are easily accessible in toys
13) Colorless liquids that are easily accessible in toys
14) Model clay, toy clay or similar products, except chemical toys mentioned in the EN 71-5 standard
15) Balloon manufacturing components
16) Imitation totem with adhesive
17) Imitation jewelry
LIFT Directive
The regulation implementing the LIFT elevator directive is 2014/33/EU.
Mainly for elevators and elevator safety components, elevator control cabinets, welding structure welding quality control systems, passenger elevator standards, escalators, landing door lock devices, safety gears, safety circuits containing electronic components, speed limiters, upward overspeed protection devices, buffer.
The elevator in the directive only refers to the elevator carrying people and goods. Excludes pure freight elevators (not carrying people) and sidewalks.
Products involved:
1) Door lock device, if necessary, car door door lock device
2) Safety gear
3) Instantaneous (roller and wedge)
4) Progressive
5) Safety gear to prevent upward speeding
6) Speed limiter
7) Buffer
8) Spring buffer
9) Energy-consuming buffer
10) Rubber buffer
11) Hydraulic buffer
12) Rupture valve (when used as safety gear)
13) Electrical safety circuit
14) Complete elevator ladder
Construction Product Regulation Directive(CPR)
The regulation implementing the Construction Product Regulation Directive is RETULATION (EU) No 305/2011.
The Construction Products Construction Product Directive is one of the many compulsory certifications formulated by the European Union for building materials products. Construction products refer to any products that are permanently consolidated in construction projects. Construction projects include buildings and civil engineering projects.
Products involved:
Doors and windows, wallpaper, wall panels, building pigments, steel structures, aluminum structures, geotechnical products, glass wool and other insulation materials, floors, wood plastic panels, roofing materials, asphalt mixtures, gypsum materials, concrete, cement, pipes, paving Ground materials, sewer equipment, glass, structural metal products, fasteners, waterproofing materials, structural timber, traffic signals, fire protection equipment and fire protection cables, etc.
Indoor roof, wall, floor paving materials, structural fasteners, glass products, insulation materials, steel structures, aluminum structures, building materials products, cables, stainless steel, geocells, geotextiles and other geotechnical, fire detectors and alarm systems , curtain walls, precast concrete products, concrete, mortar and grout additives, radiators, radiators
1) Radiators and convectors——EN442
2) Wood-based panels——EN13986
3) Ceramic tiles——EN14411
4) Wood flooring——EN14342
5) Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings——EN14041
6) Factory made mineral wool (MW) products——EN13162
7) Extruded Polystyrene Foam (XPS)——EN13164
8) Chimneys——EN1856
9) Suspended ceilings——EN13964
10) Roomheaters fired by solid fuel——EN13240
11) Residential space heating appliances fired by wood pellets——EN14785
12) Lighting columns——EN40-5/6/7
13) Traffic control equipment——EN12368
14) Road vertical signs – Variable message traffic signs——EN12966
15) steel structures and aluminium structures——EN1090
16) WC pans and WC suites with integral trap——EN997
17) Corrugated safety metal hose——EN14800
18) Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass——EN12150
19) Insulating glass units——EN1279-5
20) Road traffic noise reducing devices——EN14388
21) Geotextiles and geotextile-related products——EN 13249, EN1325, EN13251, EN13252，EN13253, EN13254, EN13255, EN13256, EN13257
22) Fibre-cement flat sheets——EN12467
23) Decorative wall coverings——EN15102
NOISE Directive（ND）
The regulation implementing the Noise Directive is 2000/14/EC.
Applicable to 57 types of outdoor equipment that require noise emission measures and require a label showing its guaranteed noise level to be installed on each machine. It is mainly aimed at the noise pollution caused by outdoor machinery, and also regulates the noise of some outdoor machinery. For example, lawn mowers, excavators, bulldozers, road rollers, forklifts, etc.
Products involved:
1) Construction hoist for transporting goods (ignition engine driven)
2) Compaction machines (limited to vibratory rollers and non-vibratory rollers, vibrating steel plates and vibrating tampering tools)
3) Compressor (﹤350kw)
4) Hand-held concrete brake and pick
5) Construction winch (ignition engine drive)
6) Bulldozer (﹤500kw)
7) Tipping truck (﹤500kw)
8) Hydraulic or rope excavator (﹤500kw)
9) Backhoe loader (﹤500kw)
10) Road grader (﹤500kw)
11) Hydraulic power supply
12) Load-type waste landfill compactor with bucket (﹤500kw)
13) Lawn mowers (excluding agricultural or forestry equipment, multi-function devices, and main motor transmission parts with an installed power exceeding 20kw)
14) Lawn trimmer/lawn edge trimmer
15) Ignition engine-driven equalizing lift trucks (except other equalizing lift trucks with rated power not exceeding 10 metric tons)
16) Loader (﹤500kw)
17) Mobile crane
18) Electric cultivator (﹤3kw)
19) Pavement repairers (except inner repairers equipped with high-pressure compaction templates)
20) Electric generator (﹤400kw)
21) Tower crane
22) Welding generator
GAS Appliance Directive(GAD)
The regulation implementing the Gas Applicance Directive is 2009/142/EC
Appliances that use gaseous fuel as the main energy source for cooking, heating, hot water, refrigeration, lighting or washing and safety control parts or assemblies used in these appliances. If the appliance contains water to operate, the normal operating temperature of the water does not exceed 105 degrees Celsius. Gas burning equipment for purely industrial engineering purposes does not fall within the scope of the Gas Appliances Directive.
Products involved:
Recreational Craft Directive(RCD)
The regulation implemented by theRecreational Craft Directive is 2013/53/EU.
RCD is suitable for boats with a hull length of 2.5m-24m used for sports and entertainment purposes, and also includes components on the boat. Common applicable boats include: yachts, inflatable boats, sailing boats, aluminum alloy boats, fiberglass boats, rubber boats, motor boats, etc.
Products involved:
A boat with a hull length between 2.5 and 24 meters used for sports and recreation purposes (it can be rented or used for recreational training). It also includes spare parts on board, which are:
Measuring Instruments Directive(MID)
The regulation implementing the Measuring Instruments Directive is 2014/32/EU.
The directive limits ten categories of measuring instrument products, including water meters, gas meters and volume conversion equipment, electric energy meters, heat meters, trip meters, exhaust gas analyzers, automatic weighing instruments, etc., covering 95% of the EU market. Measuring instruments for sale.
Products involved:
1）Water meter
2）Gas meter
3）Electric energy meter
4）Heat meter
5）Liquid table (except water)
6）Automatic weighing instrument
7）Taxi meter
8）Material measuring instruments
9）Multi-dimensional measuring measuring instruments
10）Exhaust gas measuring instrument
Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive(PAPW)
The regulation implemented by the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive is 94/62/EC.
This Directive covers all packaging and all packaging waste placed on the market within the Community, whether it is applied or disposed of in industry, commerce, offices, shops, services, households or any other context, and regardless of the materials used.
Packaging refers to all products made of any material of any nature used to contain, protect, handle, transport and display goods.
Products involved:
Product packaging cartons, cartons, wooden frames, film boxes, plastic bags, bubble bags, foam, Polyamide, fixtures, sheets, ropes, paint, ink, tape, glue, cable ties, labels, instructions, etc.
Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals(REACH)
The regulation implemented for REACH is EC/1907/2006.
REACH is not CE certification, and it is a testing service.
All products that use chemicals must prove that the daily products do not contain chemicals harmful to the human body. All daily products produced in the EU or imported into the EU market, which mainly refer to textiles, must pass the test for the content of harmful chemical substances. Registration, inspection and approval, once the specified content is exceeded, it shall not be sold on the EU market.
Products involved:
1）Chemicals, alloys, plastic products, semi-finished products, and accessories
2）Toys, furniture, cosmetics, stationery, pigments, paints, glues and detergents
3）Textile clothing, footwear products, leather products and accessories
4）Electronic and electrical products and other products, etc.
5）Household items, leisure and sporting goods, etc.
EE-MARK Directive
The regulation implemented by the EE-MARK Directive is 72/245/EEC.
Certification system implemented by the Economic Commission for Europe and the European Union for vehicles and parts products.
All automotive electronic and electrical products that enter the EU market must pass E-mark related testing and certification and be labeled with the e-mark. Only then will the customs authorities in the EU countries release them and allow them to enter the local market.
There are two forms of E-mark certification: E-mark certification and e-mark certification. E-mark certification is based on the European Economic Commission ECE Regulation as the testing standard, also known as ECE certification, mainly for vehicle parts products; and e-mark certification is based on the European Union Directive (EC Direction) as the testing standard, also known as EEC certification , mainly for the entire vehicle. E-mark certification and e-mark certification are collectively written as E/e-mark certification.
Products involved:
1）Complete vehicle – that is, two-wheeled (inclusive) or more vehicles, such as passenger cars, trucks, cars, motorcycles, electric vehicles, tricycles, all-terrain vehicles, etc.;
2）Parts – those necessary to make up the entire vehicle, such as lights, rearview mirrors, tires, seat belts, brake pads, horns, fuel tanks, glass, interior trim parts, etc.;
3）Accessories – accessories that can be pretended to be on the vehicle, such as warning triangles, reflective stickers, reversing radar, reversing images, car chargers, cigarette lighters, etc.